Pre-RFC proposal: opt-in implicit interfaces / structural typing

The extension idea is interesting! I hadn't thought of that. Autoloading
might be a PITA with that, I'm trying to think of how you would manage that?

On the subject of "mistaken typing" or implicit interfaces being met by
classes that don't actually do the desired behavior, I think you're right
it's a risk, my counterargument is typescript and golang both have implicit
interfaces in some form (well typescript calls them structural typing), but
I don't think in either language I've ever really run into a case where
that risk becomes a reality. I'm hesitant to declare this because I'm not
sure this is the best way to frame this from a PR perspective, but in many
respects this proposal is viewable as a syntax shortcut to duck typing,
which is already pretty common across PHP. While there are definitely
drawbacks to duck typing, it's still a very useful tool IMO (and becomes
very cumbersome if you need to duck type a larger set of functions).

Hi Spencer,

On Nov 7, 2025, at 12:05, Spencer Malone malone.spencer@gmail.com
wrote:

Hey all! Long time browser, first time emailer. I wanted to start a
pre-RFC discussion on the proposal of opt-in implicit interfaces /
structural typing / "golang style interfaces".

I have an early mostly working POC at
https://github.com/php/php-src/compare/master...SpencerMalone:php-src:implicit,
and was curious if this was an idea that could get any traction as an RFC?

For those who don't want to open the link, it's essentially:

implicit interface Drawable {
    public function draw(): void;
}

class Circle {
    public function draw(): void {
    }
}

assert((new Circle()) instanceof Drawable); // This would be true

There is some previous art around here in the form of...

https://wiki.php.net/rfc/protocol_type_hinting - I couldn't find any
discussion on this other than reading that the author withdrew all their
RFCs for unrelated reasons I think? Some of the core ideas here I think are
still relevant, although in my implementation I chose to use syntax that
adds a keyword onto the interface rather than at the call sites because I
wanted to provide the ability for interface definers to keep their
interfaces as explicit if they wanted, as well as... Well honestly, adding
angle brackets around objects feels like a syntax misstep since that
pattern is very associated with generics in my mind. I could be convinced
of this though if that's the syntax people prefer.

https://externals.io/message/115554#115603 - Convinced me that others
may want this as well, although again that proposed syntax ended up
stepping on the toes of attributes. I do think this does a good job of
explaining why I want this.

• Spencer

I think this is an interesting idea, but personally, I would prefer to see
classes always explicitly declare their interfaces. An interface is a
contract, and implementing the interface is agreeing to conform to the
contract. Just because a class has the shape of an interface doesn't mean
it follows the contract. implicit would probably be most useful for very
simple interfaces, but those are exactly the kind of interfaces that could
be misinterpreted. For example, this poorly designed class:

class DeckOfCards {
        public ?Card $mostRecentlyDrawnCard;
        public function draw() : void { ... }
}

should not be instanceof the Drawable interface, because it doesn't
conform to the contract, even though it structurally matches.

Perhaps slightly less torturously,

class Canvas {
        public array $contents; //list<Drawable>
        private CanvasInternalRepresentation $internalRepresentation
        public function draw() : void { ... update the canvas's internal
representation ... }
        public function data($imageType) : string { .. } // return binary
blob of $imageType data from the internal representation
}

This Canvas takes a list of Drawables and uses a draw() method to update
its internal representation. But it itself is not Drawable (let's say,
because Canvas can't be nested for whatever reason).

In real code, there's probably a lot of things that structurally would
conform to some sort of simple Cache/Cacheable or Request/Response
interface but for reasons wouldn't obey whatever implied contract those
interfaces would demand.

In my opinion, a better solution would be to allow for extensions that
allow declaring interface conformances. e.g.

extension Circle implements Drawable {
        // We have now explicitly declared that Circle is a Drawable and
conforms to its contract.
        // This extension body is empty because Circle already has a
conforming draw method,
        // but if it didn't, we could add one here and it would be treated
as part of the Circle class.
}

Of course, this would be a much more involved proposal than implicit
interfaces, which does have elegance in its simplicity.

-John

Hey all! Long time browser, first time emailer. I wanted to start a
pre-RFC discussion on the proposal of opt-in implicit interfaces /
structural typing / "golang style interfaces".

Hi and welcome :)

In general, I prefer explicit code over implicit, so wouldn't be an
enthusiastic supporter of this (although I might abstain rather than
voting against).

However, I though it worth mentioning that PHP has one implicit
interface already: any class with an __toString() method magically
implements Stringable. I've never really understood why, or why that
interface even exists; but at least having a general concept of
"implicit interface" would make it less magical.

__toString() is old. It may go all the way back to 5.0, but it was there at least as of 5.2. The problem is that there was no way to type against it. You could type string, but not string or object that implements string. When we got union types in 8.0, that was tempting but not yet possible. So Stringable was added basically for typing against string|Stringable. And it was made implicitly added because there were a bajillion __toString() functions in the wild already that shouldn't have to be modified before you could type against them.

</history lesson>

--Larry Garfield

Hey all! Long time browser, first time emailer. I wanted to start
a pre-RFC discussion on the proposal of opt-in implicit interfaces
/ structural typing / "golang style interfaces".

Hi and welcome :)

In general, I prefer explicit code over implicit, so wouldn't be an
enthusiastic supporter of this [...]
However, I though it worth mentioning that PHP has one implicit
interface already: any class with an __toString() method magically
implements Stringable. I've never really understood why, or why that
interface even exists; but at least having a general concept of
"implicit interface" would make it less magical.

Good thinking, inspiring, in my eyes that __toString() magically,
both in the method as in the inverse of the direction towards the
Stringable interface definition, is rather stemming from the needs of
some object oriented PHP framework authors IIRC.

In terms of it as a historical artifact to learn from or take something
away from it for similar implicit interfaces, I'd like to add that I
find it rather explicit (like a parental advisory sticker on a CD jewel
case) due to the inability of PHP to resolve such (internal) interfaces
at place of use (the implements keyword) while there was no
problem with the implicit magic method.

This is perhaps why I as well have very little understanding what that
single instance has brought to the table finally, it appears to stand in
the way much too often for me on the observable surface.

The only hope I nevertheless had with it is, that it would have helped
to solve the problem of __toString() fatalling in the engine.

So Stringable/object{__toString(): string} is certainly a very special
example in its very own not as a magical special case, but it is a
fundamental special case every programming language that has "output"
has to solve. Not having any output would solve the turing problem
by its higher math, but such machines also have effectively undefined
themselves and by that any programming language. That problem is
inherit with output and it is the formatting of output, even if it
is only dumping the content of the process registers. What we can't
see does not exist.

So every programming language at that point must re-invent itself
somehow, as it certainly does not compile recursively, but rather
has the concepts of compiletime, runtime, whatnottime and the
recursion, direct or indirect, often a property stemming from these,
it (recursion) is always a thing, too.

12. Recursion is the root of computation since it trades description
    for time.

Unless strict normative rules are given by the design to prevent that
(e.g. to make things maintainable safely in the longtime), but every
extension will add, not remove, so longtime or eternity often only
remains the idea, bugs and regressions the reality along the road of
success.

If we take output then for a given, we have to solve this problem at
its core, otherwise we can't built upon it.

This is where yours mentioned implicit Stringable interface comes
into play. For those Framework authors it certainly was enough to
given them a way to go from a method pointer ("__toString") or a
memory pointer (the string), from a memory object to a PHP language
classlike object, e.g. by declaring the type with a function or
method parameter (in) or return value (out).

Regardless if only compiled once to its executable form,
ErrorException (PHP 5.1), or as in PHP userland compiled,
interpreted and re-compiled until it gets there:

What do you do when that error is to be handled and the error handler
is in userland (or at compile time) and includes (or has) more code to
be evaluated while handling the error still on the engine level?

See in PHP thanks to the scripts, we have this inane recursion
problem.

This is a bit like heart surgery on the open heart, the pump is still
pumping and one wrong cut everything can bleed out. The doctor may
survive, so in terms of software, there is not much need to really know
what we are doing here and can defer some work until later. In real life
this causes grave injuries if not deaths.

How successful such an implicit Stringable interface (PHP 8.0 IIRC) was
in this sense I do not know. I do not even know if the introduction of
Stringable has been discussed afterwards in that regard.

But I'm derailing, what I wanted to prolong on is, that Stringable in
itself as an "implicit" interface as you have rightfully mentioned, is
certainly touching many more parts than the suggested "implicit interface"
by Spence Malone would need to care about.

So what are other examples?

Tagging (with empty interfaces) often comes to my mind then, but all
interfaces, empty or not, also have the probem of the loading order
in PHP.

At place of use, where they would shine, requires not only to explicitly
define them (good!), but also to explicitly have them loaded. So there
perhaps is still a problem in PHP core to get compilation and execution
into a quite better order in the sense of their arrangement to make use
of the language with the runtime. The framework authors didn't had that
problem, because they voided it by separating each classlike into its
own file (object) and then let having PHP/SPL resolve the loading order
(a.k.a. class autoloading). At the core we can still see that problem
as separating each classlike into an object (file) of its own requires
preproduction (those are actually deployables, so we're not programming
any longer but have longtime stopped and already are building the
artifacts.) If there is something to strengthen, then it is the ability
of PHP developers to program in PHP, not to waste time thinking about
that they need to learn some special technique how to arrange their code
later on so that it fullfills some dependency, theirs dependency
managers and then call that the art of doing module management. This is
all longtime afterards and therefore always inherits any previous flaw at
the languages core every PHP framework author intends to not address at
all.

So in my opinion your raise of the dynamics from explicit to implicit
and vice-versa can bring interesting aspects to the table regardless
which style each of us is currently thinking to prefer, but as you
rightfully raised, PHP core developers should also confront themselves
on how to pick up the loose ends we still have while new authors make
useful suggestions to extend language-level intermediates. From PHP
history, IMHO (and regardless how I use or not use them), Traits are
a key milestone in this way of PHP design done right for me.

The proposal aligns well for me in that regard.

Stringable on the other hand, a bad example of everything but making
problems in core and use of the PHP language itself more visible; and
that is often a good thing, see the output problem above I mentioned,
my current understanding is that we always inherit that on computer
systems and when programming machines. So as long as we can get output,
we can benefit. Naturally we benefit from explicit output much more
then from implicit one - until otherwise.

4. Every program is a part of some other program and rarely fits.

my 2 cents,

• h.k.